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Chapter 4 The Normal Pediatric Echocardiogram

Video 4.1 Subxiphoid: abdominal situs color compare

Color compare subxiphoid axial view demonstrating a right-sided inferior vena cava (blue) and left-sided descending aorta (red).

Video 4.2 Subxiphoid: inferior vena cava with color Doppler

Subxiphoid long-axis view of the inferior vena cava in 2D and color Doppler. Note the normal collapsibility of the inferior vena cava.

Video 4.3 Subxiphoid: abdominal aorta with color Doppler

Subxiphoid long-axis view of the descending abdominal aorta in 2D and color Doppler.

Video 4.4 Subxiphoid: situs sweep

Subxiphoid axial situs sweep with the transducer at the top of the screen.

Video 4.5 Subxiphoid: situs sweep color Doppler

Subxiphoid axial color Doppler situs sweep with the transducer at the top of the screen. Note the hepatic veins connecting normally to the inferior vena cava.

Video 4.6 Subxiphoid: long-axis sweep

Subxiphoid long-axis sweep with the transducer at the bottom of the screen.

Video 4.7 Subxiphoid: long-axis sweep color Doppler

Subxiphoid long-axis color Doppler sweep with the transducer at the bottom of the screen.

Video 4.8 Subxiphoid: short-axis sweep

Subxiphoid short-axis sweep from base to apex. Note that the sweep starts to the right of the superior vena cava, demonstrating the right upper pulmonary vein.

Video 4.9 Subxiphoid: short-axis sweep color Doppler

Subxiphoid short-axis color Doppler sweep from base to apex. Note the color Doppler jet of a patent foramen ovale with left-to-right flow.

Video 4.10 Apical: four-chamber sweep

Apical four-chamber sweep from posterior to anterior. Note the coronary sinus.

Video 4.11 Apical: four-chamber sweep color Doppler

Apical four-chamber color Doppler sweep from anterior to posterior.

Video 4.12 Apical: four-chamber reference view with color Doppler

Apical four-chamber reference view with color Doppler of the left and right ventricular inflows. Note the trivial mitral and tricuspid regurgitation color Doppler jets.

Video 4.13 Apical: four-chamber with focus on the right ventricle with color Doppler

Apical four-chamber view with focus on the right ventricle in 2D and color Doppler. Note the trivial tricuspid regurgitation color Doppler jet.

Video 4.14 Apical: right ventricular outflow

Apical right ventricular outflow tract view in 2D and color Doppler. Note the trivial pulmonary regurgitation color Doppler jet.

Video 4.15 Apical: three-chamber with color Doppler (clockwise rotation)

Apical three-chamber view in 2D and color Doppler. Clockwise rotation of the transducer from the four-chamber view results in display of the left ventricular outflow tract on the left of the screen.

Video 4.16 Apical: three-chamber with color Doppler (counterclockwise rotation)

Apical three-chamber view in 2D and color Doppler. Counterclockwise rotation of the transducer from the four-chamber view results in display of the left ventricular outflow tract on the right of the screen. Note the trivial mitral regurgitation color Doppler jet.

Video 4.17 Apical: two-chamber view

Note the left atrial appendage on the right of the screen.

Video 4.18 Parasternal: long-axis sweep

Left parasternal long-axis sweep from the right ventricular outflow tract to the right ventricular inflow.

Video 4.19 Parasternal: long-axis sweep color Doppler

Left parasternal long-axis color Doppler sweep from the right ventricular outflow tract to the right ventricular inflow.

Video 4.20 Parasternal: long-axis reference view with color Doppler

Left parasternal long-axis reference view with magnified color Doppler views of the aortic and mitral valves.

Video 4.21 Parasternal: right inflow with color Doppler

Left parasternal view of the right ventricular inflow in 2D and color Doppler. Note the trivial tricuspid valve regurgitation color Doppler jets.

Video 4.22 Parasternal: right outflow with color Doppler

Left parasternal view of the right ventricular outflow tract in 2D and color Doppler. Note the trivial pulmonary regurgitation color Doppler jet.

Video 4.23 Parasternal: ascending aorta with color Doppler

Superior left parasternal view of the ascending aorta in 2D and color Doppler.

Video 4.24 Parasternal: short-axis reference view

Left parasternal short-axis reference view.

Video 4.25 Parasternal: right coronary artery color compare

Color compare left parasternal short-axis magnified view of the right coronary artery.

Video 4.26 Parasternal: left coronary artery color compare

Color compare left parasternal short-axis magnified view of the left coronary artery. Note the bifurcation of the left main coronary artery into the left anterior descending (red) and circumflex (blue) coronary arteries.

Video 4.27 Parasternal: short-axis sweep

Left parasternal short-axis sweep from base to apex.

Video 4.28 Parasternal: short-axis sweep color Doppler

Left parasternal short-axis color Doppler sweep from base to apex.

Video 4.29 Parasternal: short-axis view of the mitral valve with color Doppler

Left parasternal short-axis view of the mitral valve in 2D and color Doppler.

Video 4.30 Parasternal: short-axis view of the left ventricle, basal level

Left parasternal short-axis view at the left ventricular basal level.

Video 4.31 Parasternal: short-axis view of the left ventricle, mid-ventricular level

Left parasternal short-axis view at the mid-ventricular level. Note the position of the left ventricular papillary muscles.

Video 4.32 Parasternal: short-axis view of the left ventricle, apical level

Left parasternal short-axis view of the left ventricle at the apex.

Video 4.33 High parasternal: ductal view with color Doppler

"Ductal view" in 2D and color Doppler.

Video 4.34 High parasternal: ductal view sweep with color Doppler

"Ductal view" color Doppler sweep from right to left.

Video 4.35 High parasternal: branch pulmonary arteries with color Doppler

High left parasternal view of the main and branch pulmonary arteries in 2D and color Doppler.

Video 4.36 Suprasternal: short-axis view with color Doppler

Suprasternal notch short-axis view in 2D and color Doppler.

Video 4.37 Left infraclavicular: "crab view"

Left infraclavicular "crab view."

Video 4.38 Left infraclavicular: "crab view" color Doppler

Left infraclavicular "crab view" with color Doppler. Note the four pulmonary veins draining into the left atrium.

Video 4.39 Suprasternal: left innominate vein sweep with color Doppler

Suprasternal notch color Doppler sweep of the left innominate vein.

Video 4.40 Suprasternal: arch sidedness sweep

Suprasternal notch arch sidedness sweep with superior angulation. Note the bifurcation of the first brachiocephalic artery to the patient's right.

Video 4.41 Suprasternal: arch sidedness sweep with color Doppler

Suprasternal notch arch sidedness color Doppler sweep with superior angulation. Note the bifurcation of the right brachiocephalic artery into the right common carotid (red) and right subclavian (blue) arteries.

Video 4.42 Suprasternal: aortic arch with color Doppler

Suprasternal notch long-axis view of the aortic arch in 2D and color Doppler. Note the origins of the three aortic branches.

Video 4.43 Suprasternal: long-axis left pulmonary artery color compare

Color compare suprasternal notch long-axis view of the left pulmonary artery.

Video 4.44 Right parasternal: long-axis reference view

Superior right parasternal long-axis reference view.

Video 4.45 Right parasternal: long-axis sweep

Superior right parasternal long-axis sweep to the right and then left.

Video 4.46 Right parasternal: long-axis sweep with color Doppler

Superior right parasternal long-axis color Doppler sweep from right to left. Note the false dropout of the inferior portion of the atrial septum.

Video 4.47 Right parasternal: short-axis sweep

Right parasternal short-axis sweep from posterior to anterior.

Video 4.48 Right parasternal: short-axis sweep with color Doppler

Right parasternal short-axis color Doppler sweep from posterior to anterior.

Video Video 4.49 Subxiphoid: right anterior oblique view

Note the right ventricular inflow and right outflow tract.

Video 4.50 Subxiphoid: left anterior oblique view

Note the en face images of the atrioventricular valves.