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Medical Statistics at a Glance, 4th Edition Companion Site

Extended Reading

General books about data and statistics

  1. Altman, D.G. (1990) Practical Statistics for Medical Research. CRC Press.
  2. Armitage, P., Berry, G., Matthews, J.N.S. (2002) Statistical Methods in Medical Research, 4th Edition, Blackwell Science
  3. Armitage, P. & Colton, T. (eds) (2005) Encyclopedia of Biostatistics 2nd edn. Wiley.
  4. Barnett, V. & Lewis, T. (1994) Outliers in Statistical Data. 3rd edn. Wiley.
  5. Bland, M. (2015) An Introduction to Medical Statistics. 4th edn. Oxford University Press.
  6. Campbell, M.J. (2006) Statistics at Square Two 2nd Edn. BMJ books. Blackwell Publishing
  7. Campbell, M.J. & Machin, D. (1999) Medical Statistics. A textbook for the health sciences 4th edn. Wiley.
  8. Cohen, A & Posner, J (2000) A Guide to Clinical Drug Research, 2nd edn. Kluwer.
  9. Everitt, B.S. (1995) The Cambridge Dictionary of Statistics in the Medical Sciences. Cambridge University Press.
  10. Everitt, B.S. (2006) Medical Statistics from A to Z: A Guide for Clinicians and Medical Students, 2nd Edn Cambridge University Press
  11. Fleiss, J. L., Levin, B. and Paik, M.C. (2003). Statistical Methods for Rates and Proportions, 3rd edn. New York: Wiley.
  12. Gaither, CC and Cavazoa-Gaither, AE (1996) Statistically speaking: a dictionary of quotations Chapman and Hall/CRC
  13. Good, P.I. and Hardin, J.W. (2009) Common Errors in Statistics (and How to Avoid Them) 3rd Edn. Wiley
  14. Greenfield T (1996) Research Methods - Guidance for Postgraduates Arnold
  15. Hand, DJ (2008) Statistics: A Very Short Introduction OUP
  16. Kirkwood B & Sterne J (2003) *Essential Medical Statistics.*2nd Edn. Blackwell Science
  17. Lang, T. A and Secic, M (2006) How to report statistics in medicine. Annotated guidelines for authors, editors and reviewers (medical writing and communication) 2nd Edn BMA books
  18. Lindley, D.V. (2006) Understanding Uncertainty Wiley
  19. Lindsey KL (1999) Revealing Statistical Principles Arnold
  20. Machin, D, Campbell, MJ and Walters, SJ (2007) Medical Statistics: A textbook for the Health Sciences 4th Edn. Wiley
  21. Moher, D., Altman, D.G., Schulz, K., Simera, I and Wager, E. (Eds) (2014) Guidelines for Reporting Health Research: A User's Manual. Wiley-Blackwell
  22. Peacock, J and Kerry, S (2007) Presenting medical statistics from proposal to publication., Oxford University Press, Oxford
  23. Petrie A, Bulman JS & Osborn JF (2002) Further Statistics in Dentistry British Dental Journal
  24. Petrie, A. & Watson, P. (2013) Statistics for Veterinary and Animal Science.. 3rd Edn Wiley-Blackwell
  25. Pereira-Maxwell, F. (1998) A-Z of Medical Statistics. A Companion for Critical Appraisal. Arnold.
  26. Spiegelhalter, D. (2019) The Art of Statistics: Learning from Data. London: Penguin

Different distributions

  1. Evans, M., Hastings, N. & Peacock, J.B. (1993) Statistical Distributions. 2nd edn. Wiley.
  2. Gosset, WSS (1908) The probable error of a mean. Biometrika, 6, 1-24.
  3. Kroshnamoorthy, K (2006) Handbook of Statistical Distributions with Applications. Chapman and Hall/CRC

Handling data

  1. Ambler, G., Omar, R.Z. & Royston, P. (2007) A comparison of imputation techniques for handling missing predictor values in a risk model with a binary outcome. Stat. Meth. Med. Res. *16: 277-298.
  2. Barzi, F. & Woodward, M. (2004) Imputations of missing values in practice: results from imputations of serum cholesterol in 28 cohort studies.Am. J. Epidemiol., 160, 34-45.
  3. Cole, S.R., Li, R., Anastos, K., Detels, R., Young, M., Chmiel, J.S. & Munoz, A. (2004). Accounting for leadtime in cohort studies: evaluating when to initiate HIV therapies. Stat. Med. 23: 3351-3363.
  4. Delgado-Rodriguez, M. and Llorca, J. (2004). Bias. J Epidemiol Community Health 58: 635-641.
  5. Downing, A, Prakash, K, Gilthorpe, M.S. Mikeljevic, J.S. and Forman, D (2007) Socioeconomic background in relation to stage at diagnosis, treatment and survival in women with breast cancer. Bristish Journal of Cancer* 96 836-840
  6. Engels, J.M. & Diehr, P. (2003) Imputation of missing longitudinal data: a comparison of methods. J. Clin. Epidemiol., 56, 968-976.
  7. Freeman, J , Walters, S and Campbell, M (2007) How to Display Data. BMJ Books
  8. Gore, S.M. (1981) Assessing methods - transforming the data. Brit. Med. J.*, 283, 548-550.
  9. Klebanoff, M.A., & Cole, S.R. (2008) Use of multiple imputation in the epidemiologic literature. Am. J. Epidemiol. 168: 355-357.
  10. Molenberghs, G, et al Eds (2015) Handbook of Missing data Methodology Chapman and Hall/CRC
  11. Molenberghs G and Kenward MG (2007) Missing data in clinical studies. Wiley: Chichester

Sampling and Estimation

Sampling

  1. Altman, D.G. & Bland, J.M. (1997) Statistics Notes. Units of analysis. Brit. Med. J., 314, 1874.
  2. Barnett, V. (1974) Elements of Sampling Theory. Hodder and Stoughton.
  3. Cochran, W.G. (1977) Sampling Techniques. 3rd edn. Wiley.
  4. Gardner, M.J. & Altman, D.G, eds. (1989) Statistics with Confidence: Confidence Intervals and Statistical Guidelines. British Medical Journal.
  5. Kish, L. (1995) Survey Sampling. Wiley.
  6. Levy, P.S. & Lemeshow, S. (1999) Sampling of populations. Methods and applications. 3rd edn. Wiley.
  7. Moser, C.A. & Kalton, G. (1971) Survey Methods in Social Investigation. 2nd edn. Heinemann.
  8. Thompson SK (2002) Sampling. 2nd Edn Wiley
  9. Yates, F. (1981) Sampling Methods for Censuses and Surveys. 4th edn. Griffin.

Confidence intervals and estimation

  1. Altman D.G. (1998) Confidence intervals for the number needed to treat.Br. Med. J., 317, 1309-1312.
  2. Altman D, Trevor B, Gardner M & Machin, D (2000) Statistics with Confidence. 2nd Edn BMJ books,
  3. Efron, B. & Tibshirani, R. (1994) An Introduction to the Bootstrap. Chapman & Hall/CRC.
  4. Fagan, T. (1999) Exact 95% confidence intervals for differences in binomial proportions. Comput. Biol. Med., 29, 83-87.
  5. Hewitt, C., Mitchell, N. & Torgerson, D. (2008) Listen to the data when results are not significant. Brit. Med. J. 336: 23-25.
  6. Newcombe, R.G. (1992) Confidence intervals: enlightening or mystifying. Brit. Med. J., 304, 381-382.

Study design

General study design/experimental design

  1. Altman DG & Schulz KF (2001) Statistics Notes. Concealing treatment allocation in randomized trials BMJ 323:446-447.
  2. Altman DG & Bland JM (2003) Interaction revisited: the difference between two estimates BMJ; 326: 219.
  3. Atkinson, A.C., Donev, A.N. and Tobias, R.D. (2007) Optimum Experimental Designs SAS Oxford University Press
  4. Casella, G (2008) Statistical Design Springer
  5. Chow SC and Chang, M (2006) Adaptive Design Methods in Clinical Trials. Chapman and Hall/CRC
  6. Cochran, W.G. (1960) Experimental Designs. Wiley.
  7. Cochran, W.G. & Cox, G.M. (1957) Experimental Designs. 2nd edn. Wiley.
  8. Cox, D.R. (1958) Planning of Experiments. Wiley.
  9. Cox DR & Reid N (2000) The Theory and Design of Experiments. Chapman and Hall/CRC.
  10. Cox, D.R. & Solomon, P.J. (2003) Components of Variance. Chapman & Hall/CRC.
  11. Fisher, R.A (1951) Design of Experiments 6th edn. Oxford University Press.
  12. Gardiner, W.P. & Gettinby, G. (1998) Experimental Design Techniques in Statistical Practice. Horwood Publishing.
  13. Hinkelman, K and Kempthorne, O (2008) Design and Analysis of Experiments, vol I, Introduction to Experimental Design, 2nd Edn. Wiley
  14. Kuehl, R. (2000) Design of Experiments: Statistical Principles of Research Design Analysis, 2nd edn. Brooks/Cole.
  15. Lindman, H.R. (1991) Analysis of Variance in Experimental Design. Springer-Verlag.
  16. Machin, D and Campbell, MJ (2005) Design of Studies for Medical Research Wiley
  17. Marriott, F.H.C. (1974) The Interpretation of Multiple Observations. Academic Press.
  18. Mickey, R.M., Dunn, O.J., Clark, V.A. (2004) Applied Statistics: Analysis of Variance and Regression 3rd Edn. Wiley.
  19. Miller, S. (1989) Experimental Design and Statistics 2nd edn. Routledge.
  20. Montgomery, D.C. (1991) Design and Analysis of Experiments 6th edn. Wiley.
  21. Weber DC & Skillings JH (2000) A First Course in the Design of Experiments. A Linear Models Approach Chapman and Hall/CRC

General epidemiology

  1. Clayton, D. & Hills. M. (1993) Statistical Models in Epidemiology. Oxford University Press.
  2. Coggan, P., Rose, G. & Barker, D.J.P. (1997) Epidemiology for the Uninitiated. 4th edn. BMJ Publishing Group.
  3. Delgado-Rodriquez, M and LLorca, J (2004) Bias. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 58, 635-641
  4. Farmer, R.D.T., Lawrenson, R. & Miller, D. (2004) Lecture Notes on Epidemiology and Public Health Medicine. 5th edn. Blackwell Publishing
  5. Gerstman, B.B. (1998) Epidemiology Kept Simple: an Introduction to Classic and Modern Epidemiology. Wiley.
  6. Grimes, D.A. & Schulz, K.F. (2002). Bias and causal associations in observational research. Lancet 359: 248-252.
  7. Hernán, M.A. and Robins, J.M. (2006). Estimating causal effects from epidemiological data. J Epidemiol Community Health 60: 578-586.
  8. Hill, A.B. (1965) The environment and disease: association or causation? Proc. R.Soc. Med., 58, 295.
  9. Jewell, N.P. (2004) Statistics for Epidemiology. Chapman & Hall/CRC.
  10. Lancaster, GA (2007) Statistical issues in the assessment of health outcomes in children: a methodological review JRSS,172, 707-727
  11. Last, J.M, ed. (1995) A Dictionary of Epidemiology. Oxford University Press.
  12. Lilienfield, D.E. (1994) Foundations of Epidemiology. 3rd edn. Oxford University Press.
  13. Mitchell HG & Benischou J (eds) (2000) Encyclopedia of Epidemiologic Methods Wiley
  14. Newman SC (2001) Biostatistical Methods in Epidemiology Wiley.
  15. Rosenbaum, PR (2010) Design of Observational Studies Springer
  16. Silman, A.J. & Macfarlane G.J. (2002) Epidemiological Studies: A Practical Guide 2nd edn. Cambridge University Press.
  17. Silverman, S.L. (2009) From randomized controlled trials to observational studies. *Am. J. Med. *122: 114-120.
  18. Woodward, M. (1999) Epidemiology Study Design and Data Analysis. Chapman & Hall.

Clinical trials

  1. Altman DG (2002) Poor Quality Medical Research. What Can Journals Do? JAMA 287 2765-2767
  2. Altman DG, Schulz KF, Moher D, Egger M, Davidoff F, Elbourne D, Getzsche PC & Lang T (2001). The revised CONSORT statement for reporting randomized trials: explanation and elaboration. Annals of Internal Medicine 134:663-694.
  3. Armitage P (2001) Theory and practice in medical statistics *Statistics in Medicine* 20 2537-2548
  4. Armitage, P. (1975) Sequential Medical Trials. 2nd edn.
  5. Armitage, P. (1998) Attitudes in clinical trials. *Stat. Med.*, 18, 2675-2683.
  6. Assmann SF, Pocock SJ, Enos LE & Kasten LE (2000) Subgroup analysis and other (mis)uses of baseline data in clinical trials Lancet 355 1064-1069
  7. Begg, C.B. & Berlin, J.A. (1988) Publication bias: a problem in interpreting medical data. J. Roy. Stat. Soc. A., 151, 419-463.
  8. Begg, C., Cho, M., Eastwood, S. et al. (1996) Improving the quality of reporting of randomized controlled trials. The CONSORT Statement.J.Am. Med. Assoc., 276, 637-9.
  9. Bulpitt C (1996) Randomised Controlled Clinical Trials. 2nd Edn Kluwer Academic Publishers
  10. Chow SC and Chang, M (2006) Adaptive design methods in clinical trials Chapman and Hall/CRC
  11. Chow, S.C & Liu, J.P. (1998) Design and Analysis of Clinical Trials: Concept and Methodologies. Wiley.
  12. D'Agostino RB Sr., Massaro JM & Sullivan LM (2003). Non-inferiority trials: design concepts andissues - the encounters of academic consultants in statistics. Statistics in Medicine 22: 169-186.
  13. Day, S (2007) Dictionary for Clinical Trials 2nd Edn. Wiley
  14. Day SJ & Altman DG(2000) Blinding in clinical trials and other studies BMJ 321:504
  15. Day, S. (1999) Dictionary of Clinical Trials. Wiley.
  16. DeAngelis, C.D., Drazen, M., Frizelle, F.A. et al. (2004) Clinical trial registration. A statement from the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors.>JAMA, 292, 1363-4.
  17. DeMets, D.L., Furberg, C.D and Friedman, L.M. (eds) (2006) Data Monitoring in Clinical Trials Springer
  18. Duley, L. & Farrell, B. (eds) (2002) Clinical Trials. BMJ Books
  19. Ellenberg S & Fleming T (2002) Data Monitoring Committees in Clinical Trials. A Practical Perspective Wiley
  20. Everitt BS & Pickles A (2004) Statistical Aspects of the Design and Analysis of Clinical Trials (revised edition) Imperial College Press.
  21. Fairclough, D.I. (2002) Design and Analysis of Quality of Life Studies in Clinical Trials. Chapman & Hall/CRC.
  22. Fleiss, J.L. (1999) The Design and Analysis of Clinical Experiments. Wiley.
  23. Fleming, T.R. (2008) Current issues in non-inferiority trials. *Stat. Med.* 27: 317-332.
  24. Friedman, L.M., Furberg, C.D., & Demets, D. (1998) Fundamentals of Clinical Trials. 3rd edn. Springer Verlag.
  25. Garret, A.D. (2003) Therapeutic equivalence: fallacies and falsification. *Stat. Med.*, 22, 741-762.
  26. Geller, N.L. (2004) Advances in Clinical Trial Biostatics. Chapman & Hall/CRC.
  27. Green, S., Benedetti, J., & Crowley, J. (1998) Clinical Trials in Oncology. 3rd edn. Chapman Hall.
  28. Gross, C.P., Mallory, R., Heiat, A. & Krumholz, H.M. (2002) Reporting the recruitment process in clinical trials: who are these patients and how did they get there? Ann. Intern. Med., 137, 10-16.
  29. Hackshaw, A (2009) A Concise Guide to Clinical Trials Wiley
  30. Hayes, RJ and Moulton, H (2009) Cluster Randomised Trials Chapman and Hall/CRC
  31. Hill, A. & Sabin, C. (2008) Designing and interpreting HIV noninferiority trials in naïve and experienced patients. *AIDS* 22: 913-921.
  32. Jadad, A.R and Enkin, M.W (2007) Randomized Controlled Trials 2nd Edn
  33. John, B., Jarvis, P., Lewis, J.A. & Ebbut, A.F. (1996) Trials to assess equivalence: the importance of rigorous methods, *Br. Med. J.*, 313, 36-39.
  34. Jones B & Kenward MG (2003) Design and Analysis of Cross-Over Trials. 2nd Edn Chapman and Hall/CRC.
  35. Juni P, Altman DG & Egger M (2001) Systematic reviews in health care: Assessing the quality of controlled clinical trials BMJ 323 42-46.
  36. Kerry, S.M. & Bland, J.M. (1998) Sample size in cluster randomisation. Brit. Med. J., 316, 549.
  37. Laupacis A (2002) The Cochrane Collaboration - how is it progressing?* Statistics in Medicine* 21 2815-2822
  38. Machin, D. (2007) Textbook of Clinical Trials 2nd Edn Wiley
  39. Machin, D and Fayers, PM (2010) Randomised Clinical Trials; design, practice and reporting Wiley-Blackwell
  40. Manly, B.F.J. (2007) Randomization, Bootstrap and Monte Carlo Methods in Biology Chapman and Hall/CRC
  41. Matthews, J.N.S. (2006) Introduction to Randomized Controlled Clinical Trials. 2nd Edn Chapman and Hall/CRC
  42. Meinert, C.L. (1986) Clinical Trials. Design, Conduct and Analysis. Oxford University Press.
  43. Moher D, Shultz KF & Altman DG (2001) The CONSORT Statement: Revised Recommendations for Improving the Quality of Reports of Parallel-Group Randomized Trials Annals of Internal Medicine 134 657-662
  44. Moher Schulz, K.F., Altman, D.G., & Lepage, L. (2001) "The CONSORT statement: revised recommendations for improving the quality of reports of parallel-group randomised trials" 3rd edn. Lancet 35 7 1191-1194.
  45. Newell, D.J. (1992) Intention-to-treat analysis: implications for quantitative and qualitative research. Int. J.Epidemiol., 21, 837-841.
  46. Peto, R., Pike, M.C., Armitage, P etet alnbsp;al. (1997) Design and analysis of randomised clinical trials requiring prolonged observation of each patient: II analysis and examples. Brit. J.Cancer., 35, 1-39.
  47. Piaggio, G., Elbourne, D.R., Altman, D.G., Pocock, S.J. & Evans, S.J.W. (2006). Reporting of noninferiority and equivalence randomized trials. An extension of the CONSORT statement. *JAMA *295: 1152-1160.
  48. Piantadosi, S. (2005) Clinical Trials: A Methodological Perspective. 2nd Edn Wiley.
  49. Pocock, S.J. (1983) Clinical Trials: A Practical Approach. Wiley
  50. Pocock SJ, Assmann SE, Enos LE & Kasten LE (2002) Subgroup analysis, covariate adjustment and baseline comparisons in clinical trial reporting: current practice and problemsStatistics in Medicine 21 2917-2930
  51. Pocock, S., Travison, T. & Wruck, L. (2008) How to interpret figures in reports of clinical trials. Brit. Med. J. 336: 1166-1169.
  52. Redmond CK & Colton T (eds) (2001) Biostatistics in Clinical Trials Wiley
  53. Rogers, J., Wood, J., McCandish, R., Ayers, S., Truesdale, A. & Elbourne, D. (1998) Active versus expectant management of third stage of labour: the Hinchingbrooke randomised controlled trial. Lancet, 351, 693-699.
  54. Rosenberger, W.F. & Lachin, J.M. (2002) Randomization in Clinical Trials: Theory and Practice. Wiley.
  55. Schwartz, D., Flamant, R. & Lellouch, J. (1980) Clinical Trials. Academic Press.
  56. Senn S (2003) *Cross-over Trials in Clinical Research.*2nd Edn Wiley
  57. Senn, S. (2007) Statistical Issues in Drug Development. 2nd Edn Wiley.
  58. Twisk, J. & Proper, K. (2004) Evaluation of the results of a randomized controlled trial: how to define changes between baseline and follow-up. J. Clin. Epidemiol., 57, 223-228.
  59. Vickers AJ & Altman DG (2001). Analysing controlled trials with baseline and follow up measurements. BMJ 323 1123-1124.

Cohort studies

  1. Breslow, N.E. & Day, N.E. (1980) Statistical Methods in Cancer Research, I - The Analysis of Case-control Studies. International Agency for Cancer Research.
  2. Diggle, P. , Heagerty, P., Liang, K-Y and Zeger, S (2002) Analysis of Longitudinal Data 2nd Edn Oxford Statistical Science Series 25
  3. Fitzmaurice, G.M.,Laird, N.M and Ware, J.H. (2004) Applied Longitudinal Analysis Wiley
  4. Grimes, D.A. & Schulz, K.F. (2002) Bias and causal associations in observational research.*Lancet,* 359, 248-252.
  5. Grimes, D.A. & Schulz, K.F. (2002) Cohort studies: marching towards outcomes.Lancet, 359, 341-45.
  6. Gurwitz, J.H., Sykora, K., Mamdani, M. et al. (2005) Reader's guide to critical appraisal of cohort studies: 1. Role and design. Br. Med. J., 330, 895-897.
  7. Klein-Geltink, J.E., Rochon, P.A., Dyer, S., Laxer, M. & Anderson, G.M. (2007) Readers should systematically assess methods used to identify, measure and analyze confounding in observational cohort studies. *J. Clin. Epidemiol. *60: 766-772.
  8. Lachin, P. (2000)Biostatistical Methods: The Assessment of Relative Risks. Wiley.
  9. Lau, B., Gange, S.J. & Moore, R.D. (2007) Interval and clinical cohort studies: epidemiological issues. AIDS. Res. Hum. Retrovir. 23: 769-776.
  10. MacMahon, S. & Collins, R. (2001). Reliable assessment of the effects of treatment on mortality and major morbidity, II: observational studies. Lancet, 357, 455-462.
  11. Phillips, A.N., Wannamethee, S.G., Walker, M., Thomson, A. & Smith, G.D. (1996) Life expectancy in men who have never smoked and those who have smoked continuously: 15 year follow-up of large cohort of middle-aged British men. Br. Med. J., 313, 807-908.
  12. Simera, I., Altman, D.G., Moher, D., Schulz, K.F. & Hoey, J. (2008) Guidelines for reporting health research: the EQUATOR Network's Survey of Guideline authors. PLoS. Med. 5: 869-874.
  13. Stukel, T.A., Fisher, E.S., Wennberg, D.E., Alter, D.A., Gottlieb, D.J. & Vermeulen, M.J. (2007) Analysis of observational studies in the presence of treatment selection bias. JAMA 297: 278-285.
  14. Terris, D.D., Litaker, D.G. & Koroukian, S.M. (2007) Health state information derived from secondary databases is affected by multiple sources of bias. J. Clin. Epidemiol. 60: 734-741.
  15. Tooth, L., Ware, R., Bain, C., Purdie, D.M. & Dobson, A. (2005) Quality of reporting of observational longitudinal research.Am. J. Epidemiol., 161, 280-288.
  16. von Elm, E., Altman, D.G., Egger, M., Pocock, S.J., Gotzsche, P.C. & Vandenbroucke, J.P. (2007) The Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) statement. Guidelines for reporting observational studies. *Lancet *370: 1453-1457.

Case-control studies

  1. Bland, J.M. & Altman, D.G. (2000) Statistics. The odds ratio.Br. Med. J., 320, 1468.
  2. Breslow, N.E. & Day, N.E. (1980) Statistical Methods in Cancer Research, I - The Analysis of Case-control Studies. International Agency for Cancer Research.
  3. Grimes, D.A. & Schulz, K.F. (2005) Compared to what? Finding controls for case-control studies, Lancet, 365, 1429-1433.
  4. Michaelsson, K., Baron, J.A., Farahmand, B.Y. et al. (1998) Hormone replacement therapy and risk of hip fracture: population based case-control study. Br. Med. J., 316, 1858-1863.
  5. Schlesselman, J.J. (1982) Case Control Studies. Oxford University Press.

Hypothesis testing

  1. Bender R & Lange S (2001). Adjusting for multiple testing - when and how?Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 54: 343-349.
  2. Gore, S.M., Jones, I.G. & Rytter, E.C. (1977) Misuse of statistical methods: critical assessment of articles in BMJ from January to March 1976. Brit. Med J., 1, 85-87.
  3. Hauschke, D., Steinijans, V. and Pigeot, I (2007)Bioequivalence Studies in Drug Development,methods and applications.; Wiley
  4. Hochberg, Y. & Tamhane, A.C. (1987) Multiple Comparison Procedures. Wiley.
  5. John, B, Jarvis, P, Lewis, JA and Ebbutt, AF (1996) Trials to assess equivalence: the importance of rigorous methods BMJ 313, 36-39
  6. Patterson, S and Jones, B (2006) Bioequivalence and statistics in clinical pharmacology Chapman and Hall/CRC
  7. Rushton, G. (2000) Reporting of occupational and environmental research: use and misuse of statistical and epidemiological methods. Occup. Environ. Med., 57, 1-9.
  8. Sterne JAC (2002). Teaching hypothesis tests - time for significant change? Statistics in Medicine 21: 985-994.
  9. Sterne JAC & Davey Smith G (2001). Sifting the evidence - what's wrong with significance tests? BMJ 322: 226-231.
  10. Wang, R., Lagakos, S.W., Ware, J.H., Hunger, D.J. & Drazen, J.M. (2007). Statistics in medicine — reporting of subgroup analyses in clinical trials. N. Engl. J. Med. 357: 2189-2194.
  11. Wellek S (2003) Testing Statistical Hypotheses of Equivalence. Chapman and Hall/CRC

Basic techniques for analysing data

Non-parametric methods

  1. Eubank, RL (1999) Nonparametric Regression and Spline Smoothing New York: Marcel Dekker
  2. Gibbons, JD and Chakraborti, S (2010) Nonparametric Statistical Inference 5th edn Chapman and Hall/CRC
  3. Hollander, M. & Wolfe, D.A. (1999) Nonparametric Statistical Methods. 2nd edn. Wiley.
  4. Siegel, S. & Castellan, N.J. (1988) Nonparametric Statistics for the Behavioral Sciences. 2nd edn. McGraw-Hill.
  5. Takezawa, K (2006) Introduction to Nonparametric Regression Wiley
  6. Sprent P & Smeeton NC (2007) Applied Nonparametric Statistical Methods. 4th Edn Chapman and Hall/CRC

Specific hypothesis tests

  1. Bonate PL (2000) Analysis of Pretest-Posttest Designs Chapman and Hall/CRC
  2. Christensen, R. (1996) Analysis of Variance. Design and Regression. Chapman & Hall.
  3. Doull, I.J.M., Lampe, F.C., Smith, S. et al. (1997) Effect of inhaled corticosteroids on episodes of wheezing associated with viral infection in school age children: randomised double blind placebo controlled trial.Brit. Med. J., 315, 858-862.
  4. Duffy, S. (1997) Results of a three year longitudinal study of early periodontitis in a group of British male adolescents. MSc Dissertation. University of London.
  5. Gardiner, W.P. & Gettinby, G. (1998) Experimental Design Techniques in Statistical Practice. Horwood Publishing.
  6. Hoaglin, D.C., Mosteller, F. & Tukey, J.W. (1991) Fundamentals of Exploratory Analysis of Variance. Wiley.
  7. Hsu, J.C. (1996) Multiple comparisons - theory and methods. Chapman & Hall.
  8. Kadir, R., Economides, D.L., Sabin, C.A., Owens, D. & Lee, C.A. (1998) Frequency of inherited bleeding disorders in women with menorrhagia.Lancet, 351, 485-489.
  9. Mickey, R.M., Dunn, O.J. & Clark, V.A. (2004) Applied Statistics: Analysis of Variance and Regression 3rd edn. Wiley.
  10. Miners, A.H., Sabin, C.A., Tolley, K.H., Jenkinson, C., Ebrahim, S. & Lee, C.A. (1999) Assessing health-related quality-of-life in patients with severe haemophilia A and B. Psych. Health. Med., 4, 5-15.
  11. Patterson, S and Jones, B (2006) Bioequivalence and Statistics in Clinical Pharmacology Chapman and Hall/CRC
  12. Scheffé, H. (1999) The Analysis of Variance. Wiley.
  13. Synek, M., Anto, J.M., Beasley, R. et al. (1996) Immunopathology of fatal soybean dust-induced asthma. Eur. Resp. J., 9, 54-57.

Multivariate analysis

  1. Afifi, A.A. & Clark, V. (1998) Computer-Aided Multivariate Analysis 3rd edn. Chapman & Hall/CRC.
  2. Barnet, V. (1981) Interpreting Multivariate Data. John Wiley.
  3. Brayn, F. & Manly, J. (1994) Multivariate Statistical Methods 2nd edn. Chapman & Hall/CRC.
  4. Chatfield, C. & Collins, A.J. (1981) Introduction to Multivariate Analysis Chapman & Hall/CRC.
  5. Diez Roux, A.V. (2002) A glossary for multilevel analysis.* J. Epidemiol. Comm. Health*, 56, 588-594.
  6. Dillon, W.R. & Goldstein, M. (1984) Multivariate Analysis. Wiley.
  7. Dugard, P, Todman, J and Staines, H (2010) Approaching Multivariate Analysis, a Practical Introduction Routledge
  8. Everett, RS (2010) Multivariable Modelling and Multivariate Analysis for the Behavioural Sciences CRC Press
  9. Everitt, B.S. & Dunn, G. (2000) Applied Multivariate Data Analysis 2nd edn. Arnold.
  10. Hair, J., Anderson, R., Tatham, R. & Black, W. (1995) Multivariate Data Analysis 4th edn. Prentice Hall.
  11. Izenman, aj (2008) Modern Multivariate Statistical Techniques: Regression, Classification, and Manifold Learning Springer
  12. Johnson, R.A. & Wichern, D.W. (1998) Applied Multivariate Statistical Analysis 4th edn. Prentice Hall.
  13. Kendall , M.G. (1980) Multivariate Analysis2nd edn. Griffin.
  14. Krzanowski, W. (2000) Principles of Multivariate Analysis: A User's Perspsective. Oxford University Press.
  15. Krzanowski, W.J. & Marriott, F.H. (1994) Multivariate Analysis. Part 1. Distributions, Ordination and Inference. Hodder Arnold.
  16. Krzanowski, W.J. & Marriott, F.H. (1995) Multivariate Analysis. Part 2. Classification, Covariance Structures and Repeated Measurements. Hodder Arnold.
  17. Manly, B.F.J. (2005) Multivariate Statistical Methods: A Primer. 3rd Edn Chapman & Hall/CRC.
  18. Mardia, K.V., Kent, J.T. & Bibby, J.M. (1979) Multivariate Analysis. Academic Press.
  19. Raab, G.M. & Parpia, T. (2001) Random effects models for HIV marker data: practical approaches with currently available software. Stat. Meth. Med. Res., 10, 101-116.
  20. Sharma, Subhash. (1996)Applied Multivariate Techniques. John Wiley.
  21. Tabachnick, B.G. & Fidell, L.S. (2013) Using Multivariate Statistics (6th edition). Harlow:Pearson.
  22. Wulder, M. (2002) A Practical Guide to the Use of Selected Multivariate Statistics. Canadian Forest Service.

Testing proportions

  1. Agresti, A. (1996) An Introduction to Categorical Data Analysis. Wiley.
  2. Cassol, V, Rizzato, T., Teche, *et al (2005) Prevalance and severity of asthma among adolescents and their relationshiop with the body mass index. *J Pediatr Rio J 81 305-9
  3. Dewhurst, G., Wood, D.A., Walker, F. et al. (1991) A population survey of cardiovascular disease in elderly people: Design, methods and prevalence results.Age. Ageing., 20, 353-360.
  4. Dmitrienko, A, Tamhane, AC and Bretz, F (2010) Multiple Testing Problems in Pharmaceutical Statistics Chapman and Hall/CRC
  5. Everitt, B.S. (1992) The Analysis of Contingency Tables. Chapman & Hall.
  6. Fleiss, J.L., Levin, B. and Paik, M.C. (2003). Statistical Methods for Rates and Proportions. 3rd edition. New York: Wiley
  7. Kurtiz, S.J., Landis, J.R. & Koch, G.G. (1988) A general overview of Mantel-Haenszel methods: applications and recent developments. Ann. Rev. Pub. Health 9, 123-160.
  8. Lachin, J (2010) Bistatistical Methods: The Assessment of Relative Risks 2nd edn Wiley-Blackwell
  9. Radcliffe, M.J., Lampe, F.C. & Brostoff, J. (1996) Allergen-specific low-dose immunotherapy in perennial allergic rhinitis: a double-blind placebo-controlled crossover study. J.Investig. Allerg. Clin. Immunol., 6, 242-247.

Correlation and regression

  1. Chatterjee, S. & Price, B. (2006) Regression Analysis by Example. 4th edn. Wiley.
  2. Draper, N.R. & Smith, H. (1981) Applied Regression Analysis. 2nd edn. Wiley.
  3. Harrell, Jr, F. (2001) Regression Modelling Strategies Springer NY
  4. Kahane LH (2001) Regression Basics Sage.
  5. Mickey, R.M., Dunn, O.J., Clark, V.A. (2004) Applied Statistics: Analysis of Variance and Regression 3rd Edn. Wiley.
  6. Miller, A. (2002) Subset Selection in Regression 2nd edn. Chapman & Hall/CRC.
  7. Montgomery, D.C., Peck E,.A. & Vining, G.G. (2006) Introduction to Linear Regression Analysis 4th Edn Wiley
  8. Paulson DS (2006) Handbook of regression analysis and modeling; applications for the clinical and pharmaceutical industries Chapman and Hall/CRC
  9. Ryan, TP (2008) Modern Regression Methods Wiley
  10. Schroeder, L.D., Sjoquist, D.L. & Stephan, P.E. (1986) Understanding Regression Analysis: an Introductory Guide. In. Sage University Paper series on Quantitative Applications in the Social Sciences, series no. 07-057. Sage University Press.
  11. Takezawa, K (2006) Introduction to Nonparametric Regression Wiley
  12. Whincup, P.H., Cook, D.G., Papacosta, O. & Walker, M. (1992) Childhood blood pressure, body build and birth weight: geographical associations with cardiovascular mortality. J.Epidemiol. Comm. Health, 46, 396-402.

Regression to the mean

  1. Galton, F. (1886) Regression towards mediocrity in hereditary stature. J.Anthropol. Inst., 15, 246-263.
  2. Morton V & Torgerson DJ (2003) Effect of regression to the mean on decision making in health care BMJ 326 1083-1084

Logistic regression

  1. Agresti, A (2013) Categorical Data Analysis 3rd edn Wiley Series in Probability and Statistics. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley
  2. Bagley , S.C. , White, H., & Golomb, B.A. (2001). Logistic regression in the medical literature: standards for use and reporting, with particular attention to one medical domain. Journal of Clin. Epidem., 54, 979-985.
  3. Bland, J.M. & Altman, D.G. (2000). The odds ratio*. Br. Med. J.*, 320, 1468.
  4. Hosmer, D.W., Lemeshow, S. and Sturdivant, R.X. (2013) Applied Logistic Regression. 3rd Edition. Wiley Series in Probability and Statistics.
  5. Kleinbaum, D.G. & Klein, M. (2010) Logistic Regression: A Self Learning Text 3rd edn. Springer.
  6. Menard, S. (2002) Applied Logistic Regression Analysis. 2nd Edn In. Sage University Paper series on Quantitative Applications in the Social Sciences, series no. 07-106. Sage Publications.
  7. Menard, S. (2009) Logistic Regression; from introductory to advanced concepts and applications. Sage
  8. Pampel, F.C. (2000) Logistic Regression: A Primer. Sage Publications.
  9. Peduzzi, P., Concato, J., Kemper, E., Holford, T.R. and Feinstein, A.R. (1996). A simulation study of the number of events per variable in logistic regression analysis. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 49: 1373—9.
  10. Steyerberg, E.W., Harrell, F.E. Jr, Borsboom, G.J.J.M., Eijkemans, M.J.C., Vergouwe, Y. & Habbema, J.D.F. (2001). Internal validation of predictive models: Efficiency of some procedures for logistic regression analysis. J. Clin. Epidemiol., 54, 774-781.

Statistical Modelling: see also Clustered Data/ Repeated measures

  1. Altman, D.G. & Royston, P. (2000). What do we mean by validating a prognostic model? Stat. Med., 19, 453-473.
  2. Austin, P.C. (2011) A Tutorial and Case Study in Propensity Score Analysis: An Application to Estimating the Effect of In-Hospital Smoking Cessation Counseling on Mortality. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 46:119—151
  3. Bland, J.M. & Altman, D.G. (2002) Statistics Notes: Validating scales and indexes.Br. Med. J., 324, 606-607.
  4. Bleeker, S.E., Moll, H.A., Steyerberg, E.W. et al. (2003) External validation is neccesary, in prediction research: a clinical example. J. Clin. Epidemiol., 826-832.
  5. Brookhart, AM, Schneeweiss, S, Rothman, KJ, Glynn, RJ, Avorn, J and Sturmer, T (2006) Variable selection for propensity score models Am J Epidemiol 163 1149-1156
  6. Collet, D. (2003) Modelling Binary Data 2nd edn. Chapman & Hall/CRC.
  7. Dobson, A.J. (2002) An Introduction to Generalized Linear Models 2nd edn. Chapman & Hall/CRC.
  8. Dupont, W.D. (2002) Statistical Modeling for Biomedical Researchers: A Simple Introduction to the Analysis of Complex Data. Cambridge University Press.
  9. Gilthorpe, M.S., Griffiths, G.S., Maddick, I.H. & Zamzuri, A.T. (1999) The application of multilevel modeling to periodontal research.Community Dental Health, 17, 227-235.
  10. Goldstein, H. (2010) Multilevel Statistical Models. 4th edition. Wiley Series in Probability and Statistics
  11. Goldstein, H., Browne, W. & Rasbash, J. (2002) Multilevel modeling of medical data. *Stat. Med.,*21, 3291-3315.
  12. Guo, S and Fraser, MW (2009) Propensity Score Analysis. Sage
  13. Harrel Jun, F.E. (2001) Regression Modeling Strategies with Applications to Linear Models, Logistic Regression and Survival Analysis. Springer-Verlag.
  14. Harrell FE Jr, Lee KL, Mark DB. (1996) Multivariable prognostic models: issues in developing models, evaluating assumptions and adequacy, and measuring and reducing errors. Stat Med;15:361—387.
  15. Hastie, T.J. & Tibshiriani. (1990) Generalized Additive Models. Chapman & Hall/CRC.
  16. Heinze, G and Juni, P (20110) An overview of the objectives of and the approaches to propensity score analyses. European Heart Journal, 32, 1704-1708
  17. Hoffman, J.P. (2004) Generalized Linear Models: An Applied Approach. Pearson.
  18. Katz, M.H. (2003) Multivariable analysis: a primer for readers of medical research. Ann. Intern. Med., 138, 644-650.
  19. Kreft, I.G.G. & de Leeuw, J. (1998) Introducing Multilevel Modeling . Sage.
  20. Leylan, A.H. & Goldstein, H. (Eds) (2001) Multilevel Modelling of Health Statistics . Wiley.
  21. May, M., Royston, P., Egger, M., Justice, A.C. & Sterne, J.A.C. (2004) Development and validation of a prognostic model for survival time data: application to prognosis of HIV positive patients treated with antiretroviral therapy.* Stat. Med.*, 23, 2375-98.
  22. Mocroft, A.J., Johnson, M.A., Sabin, C.A. et al. (1995) Staging system for clinical AIDS patients. Lancet, 346, 12-17.
  23. Snijders, T. & Bosker, R. (1999) Multilevel Analysis: An Introduction to basic and advanced multilevel modelling. Sage Publications.
  24. Sullivan, L.M., Massaro, J.M. & D'Agostino, R.B. (2004) Presentation of multivariate data for clinical use: The Framingham Study risk score functions. Stat. Med., 23, 1631-1660.
  25. Wong, M.Y., Day, N.E., Bashir, S.A. & Duffy, S.W. (1999) Measurement error in epidemiology: the design of validation studies I: univariate situation. Stat. Med., 18, 2815-2829.
  26. Wong, M.Y., Day, N.E. & Wareham, N.J. (1999) Measurement error in epidemiology: the design of validation studies II: bivariate situation.Stat. Med., 18, 2831-2845.

Assessing assumptions

  1. Hart, A. (2000) Towards better research: a discussion of some common mistakes in statistical analyses. Comp. Ther. Med., 8, 37-42.

Sample size calculation

  1. Altman, D.G. (1982) How large a sample?. In: Statistics in Practice S.M. Gore & D.G. Altman (eds). BMA.
  2. Amir, J., Haral, L., Smettana, Z. & Varsano, I. (1997) Treatment of herpes simplex gingiostomatitis with aciclovir in children: a randomised double-blind placebo-controlled study. Br. Med. J., 314, 1800-1803.
  3. Birkett, MA and Day, SJ (1994) Internal pilot studies for estimating sample size. Statistics In Medicine, 13, 2455-2463
  4. Campbell, M.J., Julious, S.A. & Altman, D.G. (1995) Estimating sample sizes for binary, ordered categorical, and continuous outcomes in two group comparisons. Br. Med. J., 311, 1145-1145.
  5. Chow, S-C., Shao, J and Wang, H. (2008) Sample size calculations in clinical research 2n edn Chapman and Hall/CRC
  6. Cohen, J. (1988) Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences2nd edn. Laurence Erlbaum Associates.
  7. Desu MM & Raghavarao D (1990) Sample Size Methodology Academic Press
  8. Donner, A. (1984) Approaches to sample size estimation in the design of clinical trials. Stat. Med., 3, 199-214.
  9. Julious , S.A. (2004) Tutorial in Biostatics: Sample sizes of clinical trials with Normal data. Stat. Med., 23, 1921-1986.
  10. Lehr, R. (1992) Sixteen S squared over D squared: a relation for crude sample size estimates. Stat. Med., 11, 1099-1102.
  11. Machin, D., Campbell, M.J., Tan, SB and Tan, SH. (2018) Sample Size Tables for Clinical, Sample Size Tables for Clinical, Laboratory and Epidemiological Studies 4th edn. Wiley-Blackwell.
  12. van der Windt, D.A.W.M., Koes, B.W., Devillé, W., de Jong, B.A. & Bouter, M. (1998) Effectiveness of corticosteroid injections with physiotherapy for treatment of painful shoulder in primary care: randomised trial. Br. Med. J., 317, 1292-1296.
  13. Wittes, J. (2002) Sample size calculations for randomized controlled trials.Epidemiol. Rev., 24, 39-53.

Additional Topics

Diagnostic tests and prognostic scores

  1. Begg, C.B. (1987) Biases in the assessment of diagnostic tests. Stat. Med., 6, 411-423.
  2. Burroughs, A.K., Sabin, C.A., Rolles, K., et al. (2006) 3-month and 12-month mortality after first liver transplant in adults in Europe: predictive models for outcome. Lancet 367; 225—32.
  3. Duffy S, Esteve J & Hill C (1999) Quantitative Methods for the Evaluation of Cancer Screening Arnold
  4. Gor, D., Sabin, C., Prentice, H.G. et al. (1998) Longitudinal fluctuations in cytomegalovirus load in bone marrow transplant patients: relationship between peak virus load, donor/recipient status, acute GVHD and CMV disease.Bone. Marr. Trans., 21, 597-605.
  5. Greenhouse, S.W. & Mantel, N. (1950) The evaluation of diagnostic tests. Biometrics, 6, 399-412.
  6. Harrell, FE, Lee, KL and Mark, DB (1996) Tutorial in Biostatistics. Multivariable prognostic models; issues in developing models, evaluating assumptions and adequacy, and measuring and reducing errors. Statistics in Medicine 15, 361-387
  7. Harper, R. & Reeves, B. (1999) Reporting of precision of estimates for diagnostic accuracy: a review. Brit. Med. J. 318: 1322-1323.
  8. Ingelsson, E., Schaefer, E.J., Contois, J.H., et a. (2007) Clinical utility of different lipid measures for prediction of coronary heart disease in men and women. JAMA 298: 776-785.
  9. Leeflang, M.M.G., Bossuyt, P.M.M. & Irwig, L. (2009) Diagnostic test accuracy may vary with prevalence: implications for evidence-based diagnosis. J. Clin. Epidemiol. 62: 5-12.
  10. Leeflang, M.M., Deeks, J.J., Gatsonis, C., Bossuyt, P.M. & Cochrane Diagnostic Test Accuracy Working Group. (2008) Systematic reviews of diagnostic test accuracy. Ann. Int. Med. 149: 889-897.
  11. McGeechan, K., Macaskill, P., Irwig, L., Liew, G. & Wong, T.Y. (2008) Assessing new biomarkers and predictive models for use in clinical practice. Arch. Int. Med. 168: 2304-2310.
  12. May, M., Royston, P., Egger, M., et al. (2004) Development and validation of a prognostic model for survival time data: application to prognosis of HIV positive patients treated with antiretroviral therapy. *Stat. Med. *23: 2375-2398.
  13. Reynolds, T. (2001) Prognostic models abound, but how useful are they? Ann. Int. Med. 135: 473-476.
  14. Steyerberg, EW and Vergouwe, Y (2014) Towards better clinical prediction models; seven steps for development and an ABCD for validation. European Heart Journal 35, 1925 - 1931
  15. Wald, N. & Cuckle, H. (1989) Reporting the assessment of screening and diagnostic tests. Brit. J. Obs. Gynae., 96, 389-396.
  16. Zethelius, B., Berglund, L., Sundstrom, J., et al. (2008) Use of multiple biomarkers to improve the prediction of death from cardiovascular causes. N. Engl. J. Med. 358: 2107-2116.

Measuring agreement

  1. Bland, J.M. & Altman, D.G. (1986) Statistical methods for assessing agreement between two methods of clinical measurement. Lancet, i, 307-310.
  2. Bland, J.M. & Altman, D.G. (1990) A note on the use of the intraclass correlation coefficient in the evaluation of agreement between two methods of measurement. Comput. Biol. Med., 20, 337-340.
  3. Bland, J.M. & Altman, D.G. (1999) Measuring agreement in method comparison studies.Stat. Meth. Med. Res., 8, 135-160.
  4. Broemeling, L (2009) Bayesian Methods for Measures of Agreement CRC Press
  5. Buonaccorsi, JP (2010) Measurement Error: models, methods and applications CRC Press
  6. Chinn, S. (1990) The assessment of methods of measurement. Stat. Med., 9, 351-362.
  7. Chmura Kraemer, H., Periyakoil, V.S. & Noda, A. (2002) Kappa coefficients in medical research. Stat. Med., 21, 2109-2129.
  8. Cohen, J. (1960) A coefficient of agreement for nominal scales. Educ. Psychol. Meas., 20, 37-46.
  9. Cohen, J. (1968) Weighted kappa: nominal scale ageement with provision for scale disagreement or partial credit. Pyschol. Bull., 70, 213-220.
  10. Dunn, G. (2004) Statistical Evaluation of Measurement Errors: Design and Analysis of Reliability Studies 2nd Edn Arnold
  11. Haas, M. (1991) Statistical methodology for reliability studies.J. Manip. Physiol. Ther., 14, 119-132.
  12. Kraemer, H.C., Periyakoil, V.S. & Noda, A. (2001) Kappa coefficients in medical research. Stat. Med., 21, 2109-2129.
  13. Landis, J.R. & Koch, G.C. (1977) The measurement of observer agreement for categorical data. Biometrics, 33, 159-174.
  14. Lin, I-K (1989) A concordance correlation coefficient to evaluate reproducibility. *Biometrics *45 255-268
  15. McDowell, I. (2006) A Guide to Rating Scales and Questionnaires 3rd edn Oxford University Press
  16. Rousson, V., Gasser ,T .& Seifert, B. (2002) Assessing intrarater, interrater and test-retest reliability of continuous measurements. Stat. Med., 21, 3431-3446.
  17. Shoukri, M. (2003) Measurement of Agreement for Categorical Data. Chapman & Hall/CRC.
  18. Shoukri, M. (2011) Measures of Interobserver Agreement and Reliability 2nd edn. Chapman & Hall/CRC.
  19. Streiner, D.R. & Norman, G.L. (2003) Health Measurement Scales: A Practical Guide to their Development and Use 3rd edn. Oxford University Press.

Evidence-based Medicine

  1. Bero, L. & Rennie, D. (1995) The Cochrane Collaboration. Preparing, maintaining, and disseminating systematic reviews of the effects of health care. J.Am. Med. Assoc., 274, 1935-38.
  2. Bland JM & Peacock J (2000) Statistical Questions in Evidence-based Medicine Oxford University Press
  3. Dunn, G. & Everitt, B. (1995) Clinical Biostatistics. An Introduction to Evidence Based Medicine. Edward Arnold.
  4. Elward, J.M. (1997) Critical Appraisal of Epidemiological Studies and Clinical Trials. Oxford University Press.
  5. Evidence Based Medicine Working Group (1992) Evidence-based medicine. A new approach to teaching the practice of medicine. *J. Am. Med. Assoc.*, 268, 2420-2425.
  6. Greenhalgh, T. & Taylor, R. (1997) Assessing the methodological quality of published papers. Brit. Med. J., 315, 305-308.
  7. Greenhalgh, T (2019) How to Read a Paper; the basics of evidence based medicine 6th Edn Wiley Blackwell
  8. Henegham C and Badenach D (2006) *Evidence-based medicine toolkit*2nd edn. Wiley
  9. Peat, J. and Barton, B. (2007) Statistics Workbook for Evidence-based Healthcare Wiley
  10. Sackett, D.L. & Rosenberg, W.M. (1995) The need for evidence-based medicine. J. Roy. Soc. Med., 88, 620-624.
  11. Sackett, D.L., Rosenberg, W.M., Gray, J.A., Haynes, R.B. & Richardson, W.S. (1996) Evidence based medicine: what it is and what it isn't. Brit. Med. J., 312, 71-72.
  12. Sackett, D.L., Richardson, W.S., Rosenberg, W. & Haynes, R.B. (2000) Evidence Based Medicine. How to Practice and Teach EBM. 2ns Edn. Churchill Livingstone.
  13. Shea BJ, Reeves, BC, Wells, G et al (2017) AMSTAR 2: a critical appraisal tool for systematic reviews that include randomised or non-randomised studies of healthcare interventions, or both. BMJ, 358, j4008
  14. Straus SE, Richardson, W.S, Glasziou, P. and Haynes, R.B. (2005) Evidence Based Medicine. How to Practice and Teach EBM 3rd Edn Churchill Livingstone

Systematic reviews and meta analysis

  1. Chalmers, I. & Altman, D.G (eds) (1995) Systematic Reviews. BMJ Publishing Group.
  2. Egger, M., Davey-Smith., Altman, D.G. (eds) (2001) Systematic Reviews in Health Care. Meta-analysis in Context 2nd edn of Systematic Reviews. BMJ Publications.
  3. Elphick, H.E., Tan, D., Ashby, D. & Smyth, R.L. (2002) Systematic reviews and lifelong diseases.Br. Med. J., 325, 381-384.
  4. Fleiss, J.L. (1993) The statistical basis of meta-analysis. Stat. Meth. Med. Res., 2, 121-145.
  5. Freemantle, N., Mason, J. & Eccles, M. (1999) Deriving treatment recommendations from evidence from randomized trials. The role and limitation of meta-analysis. Int. J.Technol. Assess. Health. Care., 15, 304-315.
  6. Glasziou, P.P. & Sanders, S.L. (2002) Investigating causes of heterogeneity in systematic reviews.Stat. Med., 21, 1503-1511.
  7. Greenhalgh, T. (1997) Papers that summarise other papers (systematic reviews and meta-analyses). Br. Med. J., 315, 672-675.
  8. Higgins, P.T., Thompson, S.G., Deeks, J.J. & Altman, D.G. (2003) Measuring inconsistency in meta-analysis. Br. Med. J., 327, 557-560.
  9. Houwelingen, H.C. van., Arends, L.R. & Stijnen, T. (2002) Advanced methods in meta-analysis: multivariate approach and meta-regression.*Stat. Med.,*21, 589-624.
  10. Ioannidis, J., Patsopoulos, N. & Rothstein, H. (2008) Reasons or excuses for avoiding meta-analysis in forest plots. Brit. Med. J. 336: 1413-15.
  11. Leandro, G. (2005) Meta-analysis in Medical Research. BMJ Books.
  12. Moher, D.A., Cook, D.J., Eastwood, S., Olkin, I., Rennie, D., & Stroup, D.F. (1999) Improving the quality of reports of meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials: the QUOROM statement. Quality of Reporting of Meta-analyses. Lancet, 1999, 1896-1900.
  13. Morton, SC, Adams, JL, Suttorp, MJ and Shekelle, PG (2004) What, Why, When and How? Technical Review 8 (Prepared by Southern California-RAND Evidence based Practice Center, under Contract No. 290-97-001) AHRQ Publication No. 04-0033. Rockville, MD: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality.
  14. Normand, S.L.T. (1999) Meta-analysis: formulating, evaluating, combining and reporting. Stat. Med., 18, 321-359.
  15. Oakes, M. (1993) The logic and role of meta-analysis in clinical research Stat. Meth. Med. Res., 2, 147-160.
  16. Pocock, S.J., Henderson, R.A., Rickards, A.F. et al. (1995) A meta-analysis of randomised trials comparing coronary angioplasty with bypass surgery. Lancet, 346, 1184-1189.
  17. Stangl, D. & Berry, D.A. (2000) Meta-analysis in Medicine and Health Policy Chapman & Hall/CRC.
  18. Sterne, JAC, Sutton, AJ, Ionnidis, JPA et al (2011) Recommendations for examining and interpreting funnel plot asymmetry in meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. BMJ, 342
  19. Stroup, D.F., Berlin, J.A., Morton, S.C.et al. (2000) Meta-analysis of observational studies in epidemiology: A proposal for reporting. JAMA, 283, 2008-2012.
  20. Sutton, A.J., Abrams, K.R., Jones, D.R., Sheldon, T.A. & Song, F. (2000) Methods for Meta-Analysis in Medical Research. Wiley.
  21. Thompson, S.G. & Higgins, J.P.T. (2002) How should meta-regression analyses be undertaken and interpreted? *Stat. Med.*21, 1559-1573.
  22. Whitehead, A. (2002) Meta-Analysis of Controlled Clinical Trials. Wiley.

Clustered data/repeated measures: see also statistical modeling

  1. Aerts, M., Molenberghs, G., Greys, H. & Ryan, L.M. (eds) (2002) Topics in Modelling of Clustered Data. Chapman & Hall/CRC.
  2. Albert, P. (1999) Longitudinal data analysis (repeated measures) in clinical trials. Stat. Med., 18, 1707-1732.
  3. Bryk, A.S. & Randenbush, S.W. (2002) Hierarchical Linear Models: Applications and Data Analysis 2nd edn. Sage Publications.
  4. Carr, G.J. & Chi, E.M. (1992) Analysis of variance for repeated measures. Data: a generalized estimating equations approach. Stat. Med., 11, 1033-1040.
  5. Collins, L.M. & Sayer, A.G. (eds) (2001) New Methods for the Analysis of Change. American Psychological Association.
  6. Crowder, M.J & Hand, D.J. (1990) Analysis of Repeated Measures. Chapman & Hall/CRC.
  7. De Leeuw, J abd Meijer, E (2008) Handbook of Multilevel Analysis Springer
  8. Davis , C.S. (2002) Statistical Methods for the Analysis of Repeated Measures. Springer-Verlag
  9. Ditlevsen, S., Ghristensen, U., Lynch, J., Damsgaard, M.T. & Keiding, N. (2005) The mediation proportion. A structural equation approach for estimating the proportion of exposure effect on outcome explained by an intermediate variable. Epidemiology, 16, 114-120.
  10. Diggle, P. (2002) Analysis of Longitudinal Data 2nd edn. Oxford University Press.
  11. Donner, A. & Klar, N. (2000) Design and Analysis of Cluster Randomization Trials in Health Research . Arnold.
  12. Everitt, B.S. (1995) The analysis of repeated measures: a practical review with examples. Statistician, 44, 113-135.
  13. Fitzmaurice, G, Davidian, M, Verbeke, G and Molenberghs, G (2008) Longitudinal Data Analysis CRC Press
  14. Goldstein, H. (2010) Multilevel Statistical Models 4th edn. Kendall Library of Statistics. Arnold.
  15. Goldstein, H., Browne, W. & Rasbash, J. (2002) Multilevel modelling of medical data.Stat. Med., 21, 3291-3315.
  16. Hanley, J.A., Negassa, A., Edwardes, M.D.de.B. & Forrester, J.E. (2003) Statistical analysis of correlated data using generalized estimating equations: An orientation. Am. J. Epidemiol., 157, 364-375.
  17. Hardin, J.W. & Hilbe, Jm. (2003) Generalized Estimating Equations. Chapman & Hall/CRC.
  18. Hayes, R.J. and Moulton, L.H. (2009) Cluster Randomised Trials Chapman and Hall.CRC
  19. Kenward, M.G. (2002) Analysis of Repeated Measurements . Oxford University Press.
  20. Liang, KY and Zeger, SL (1986) Longitudinal data analysis using generalized linear models. Biometrika, 73, 13-22
  21. Lindsey, J.K. (1999) Models for Repeated Measurements . Oxford University Press.
  22. Longford, N.T. (1994) Random Coefficient Models. Oxford University Press.
  23. Matthews, J.N.S., Altman, D.G., Campbell, M.J. & Royston, P. (1990) Analysis of serial measurements in medical research. Br. Med. J., 300, 230-235.
  24. Mickey, RM, Dunn, OJ and Clark, VA (2004) Applied Statistics: Analysis of Variance and Regression. 3rd edn. Chichester: Wiley
  25. Naumova, E.N., Must, A. & Laird, N.M. (2001). Tutorial in biostatistics: evaluating the impact of 'critical periods' in longitudinal studies of growth using piecewise mixed effects models. Int. J. Epidemiol., 30, 1332-1341.
  26. Omar, R.Z., Wright, E.M., Turner, R.M. & Thompson, S.G. (1999) Analysing repeated measurements data: a practical comparison of methods. Stat. Med., 18, 1587-1603.
  27. Rouz, A.V.D. (2002). A glossary for multilevel analysis.J. Epidemiol. Comm. Health, 56, 588-594.
  28. Senn, S., Stevens, L. & Chaturvedi, N. (2000) Repeated measures in clinical trials: simple strategies for analysis using summary measures. Stat. Med., 19, 861-877.
  29. Sullivan, L.S., Dukes, K.A. & Losina, E. (1999) An introduction to hierarchical linear modelling Stat. Med., 18, 855-888.
  30. Taylor , R.G., Maclagan, J. & Cook, D.G. (1989) Bronchodilator action of inhaled fenoterol and ipratropium in normal subjects: a teaching exercise for medical students. Br. J. Clin. Pharmac., 28, 709-713.
  31. Wu, L (2010) Mixed effects models for complex data Chapman and Hall/CRC

Survival analysis

  1. Bradburn, M.J., Clark, T.G., Love, S.B. & Altman, D.G. (2003) Survival Analysis Part II: Multivariate data analysis - an introduction to concepts and methods. Br. J. Cancer, 89, 431-436.
  2. Bradburn, M.J., Clark, T.G., Love, S.B. & Altman, D.G. (2003) Survival Analysis Part III: Multivariate data analysis - choosing a model and assessing its adequacy. Br. J. Cancer, 89, 605-611.
  3. Bull, K. & Spiegelhalter, D.S. (1997) Survival analysis in observational studies.Stat. Med., 16, 1041-1074.
  4. Clark , T.G., Bradburn, M.J., Love, S.B. & Altman, D.G. (2003) Survival Analysis Part I: Basic concepts and first analyses. *Br. J. Cancer,*89, 232-238.
  5. Clark , T.G., Bradburn, M.J., Love, S.B. & Altman, D.G. (2003) Survival Analysis Part IV: Further concepts and methods in survival analysis. *Br. J. Cancer,*89, 781-786
  6. Collet, D. (2015) Modelling Survival Data in Medical Research 3rd edn. Chapman & Hall/CRC.
  7. Cox, D.R. & Oakes, D. (1984) Analysis of Survival Data. Chapman & Hall/CRC.
  8. Hosmer, D.W., Jr. Lemeshow, S. and May, S (2008) Applied Survival Analysis: Regression Modeling of Time to Event Data. 2nd Edn Wiley.
  9. Kaplan, E.L. & Meier, P. (1958) Nonparametric estimation from incomplete observations. J. Am. Statist. Assoc., 53, 457-481.
  10. Kleinbaum, D.G. (1996) Survival Analysis: a Self-Learning Text. Springer.
  11. Machin, D. (2006) Survival analysis: a practical approach 2nd Edn Wiley
  12. Marubini, E. & Valsecchi, M.G. (1995) Analysing Survival Data from Clinical Trials and Observational Studies Wiley.
  13. Miller, R. (1998) Survival Analysis. Wiley.
  14. Ng'andu, N.H. (1997) An empirical comparison of statistical tests for assessing the proportional hazards assumption of Cox's model. Stat. Med., 16, 611-626.
  15. O'Quigley, J (2008) Proportional Hazards Regression Springer
  16. Pamar, M.K.B. & Machin, D. (1995) Survival Analysis: a Practical Approach. Wiley.
  17. Pocock, S.J., Clayton, T.C. & Altman, D.G. (2002). Survival plots of time-to-event outcomes in clinical trials: good practice and pitfalls*. Lancet*, 359, 1686-1689.
  18. Smith, P.J. (2002) Analysis of Failure and Survival Data Chapman & Hall/CRC.

Bayesian methods

  1. Ashby, D. (2006) Bayesian statistics in medicine: a 25 year review. Statistics in Medicine *** 25* 3589-3631
  2. Bernardo, J.M. & Smith, A.F. (2000) Bayesian Statistical Theory. Wiley.
  3. Bland, J.M. & Altman, D.G. (1998) Bayesians and frequentists. Brit. Med. J., 317, 1151.
  4. Box, G.E.P. & Tiao, G.C. (1992) Bayesian Inference in Statistical Analysis. Wiley.
  5. Breslow, N. (1990) Biostatistics and Bayes (with Discussion). Stat. Sci., 5, 269-298.
  6. Broemeling, L.D. (2007) Bayesian Biostatistics and Diagnostic Medicine Chapman and Hall/CRC
  7. Carlin BP & Louis TA (2009) Bayes and Empirical Bayes Methods for Data Analysis 3rd edn Chapman and Hall/CRC
  8. Christensen, R, Johnson, W and Branscum, A (2011) Bayesian Ideas and Data Analysis — an Introduction for Scientists and Statisticians. CRC Press
  9. Congdon P (2001) Bayesian Statistical Modelling Wiley
  10. Freedman, L. (1996) Bayesian statistical methods. A natural way to assess clinical evidence. Brit. Med. J., 313, 569-570.
  11. French, S. & Smith, J.Q, eds (1997) The Practice of Bayesian Analysis. Wiley.
  12. Gelman, A., Carlin, J.B., Stern, H.S. & Rubin, D.B. (1995) Bayesian Data Analysis. Chapman & Hall.
  13. Gilthorpe MS, Maddick IH & Petrie A (2000) The application of Bayesian modeling in dental research. Community Dental Health 17 218-221
  14. Kadane, J.B, ed. (1996) Bayesian Methods and Ethics in a Clinical Trial Design. Wiley.
  15. Lee, P. (1997) Bayesian Statistics: an Introduction. 2nd edn. Arnold.
  16. Lilford, R.J. & Braunholtz, D. (1996) The statistical basis of public policy: a paradigm shift is overdue. Brit. Med. J., 313, 603-607.
  17. Moye, L.A. (2007) Elementary Bayesian Biostatistics Chapman and Hall/CRC
  18. Parmigiani G (2002) Modeling in Medical Decision Making. A Bayesian Approach Wiley
  19. Spiegelhalter D & Myles J (2004) Bayesian Approaches to Clinical Trials and Health-Care Evaluation Wiley

Statistical Tables

  1. Diem, K and Lenter, C (1981) Geigy Scientific Tables, 8th edn. Ciba-Geigy Ltd.
  2. Machin, D., Campbell, M.J., Fayers, P.M, Tan, S.B. and Tan, S.H. (2009) Sample Size Tables for Clinical Studies. 3rd edition. Wiley-Blackwell
  3. Fisher, R.A. & Yates, F. (1963) Statistical Tables for Biological, Agricultural and Medical Research. 6th edn. Oliver and Boyd.
  4. Neave, HR (1995) Elementary Statistical Tables Routledge: London
  5. Pearson, E.S. & Hartley, H.O. (1966) Biometrika Tables for Statisticians. 3rd edn. Cambridge University Press.
  6. Rohlf, F.J and Sokal, R.R. (1995) Biometry and Statistical Tables 3rd Edn W.H Freeman

Statistical Software

  1. Acock, AC (2010) A Gentle Introduction to Stata 3rd Edn Stata Press
  2. Cleves, M, Gould, W, Gutierrez, RG and Marchenko, YV (2011) An Introduction to Survival Analysis Using Stata, 3rd edn Stata Press
  3. Coakes, J.S. (2012) SPSS for Windows. Analysis Without Anguish Using SPSS Version 20.0 for Windows. Jacaranda Wiley Ltd.
  4. Cody, R (2007). Learning SAS by example: a programmer's guide., SAS Institute Inc: Cary, NC,
  5. Cornillon, PA, Guyader, A, Husson, Jegpi. N, Josse, J, Kloareg, M, Matzner-Lober, E and Rouviere, L (2012) Statistics with R CRC
  6. Dalgaard, P (2008) Introductory Statistics with R 2nd edn Springer
  7. Der, G. & Everitt, B.S. (2009) Handbook of Statistical Analyses Using SAS 3rd edn. Chapman & Hall/CRC.
  8. Der, G. & Everitt, B.S. (2007) Basic Statistics using SAS Enterprise Guide, a Primer. SAS Institute Press
  9. Der, G. & Everitt, B.S. (2005) Statistical Analysis of Medical Data Using SAS CRC press.
  10. Ekstrom, CT (2011) R Primer. CRC press
  11. Elliot, R.J. (2000) Learning SAS in the Computer Lab 2nd edn. Duxbury.
  12. Everitt, B.S. and Hothorn, T.A. (2006) A handbook of statistical analysis using R Chapman and Hall/CRC
  13. Gerber, S.B. (2005) Using SPSS for Windows: Data Analysis and Graphics. Springer.
  14. Hamilton , L.C. (2013) Statistics with Stata (Updated for version 12) 8th Edn. Duxbury Press.
  15. Hills, M. & de Stavola, B. (2009) A Short Introduction to Stata for Biostatistics . Timberlake Consultants Press.
  16. Hogan, TP (2010) Bare-Bones R: A brief Introductory Guide. Sage
  17. Horton, NJ and Kleinman, KP (2017) Much ado about nothing: a comparison of missing data methods and software to fit incomplete data regression models American Statistician 61(1) 71-90
  18. Juul, S and Frydenberg, M (2010) An Introduction to Stata for Health Researchers 3rd edn . Stata Press
  19. Kinnear, P.R. & Gray, D. (2011) SPSS 19 Made Simple. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
  20. Kleinman, K and Horton, NJ (2010) SAS and R: Data Management, Statistical Analysis and Graphics Chapman and Hall/CRC
  21. Kohler, U and Kreuter, F. (2012) *Data Analysis Using Stata,*3rd Edn Stata Press
  22. Kremelberg, D (2010) Practical Statistics: A quick and easy guide to SPSS,Stata and other statistical software Sage
  23. Landua, S and Everitt, B S (2004) A handbook of statistical analysis using SPSS Chapman and Hall/CRC
  24. Logan, M. (2010) Biostatistical Design and Analysis using R: A Practical Guide Wiley-Blackwell
  25. Lawson, J (2010) Design and Analysis of Experiments with SAS. CRC Press
  26. Maindonald, J. and Braun, W.J. (2010) Data analysis using R: an example based approach 3rd Edn Cambridge University Press
  27. Murrell, P (2011) R Graphics 2nd Edn Chapman and Hall/CRC
  28. Newton, HJ and Cox, NJ (2009) Seventy-six Stata Tips 2nd Edn Stata Press
  29. Palmer and Sterne, JAC (editors) (2016) Meta-Analysis in Stata: An Updated Collection from the Stata Journal, Second Edition Stata Press
  30. Rabe-Hesketh, S. & Everitt, B. (2007) A Handbook of Statistical Analyses using Stata . 4th Edn Chapman & Hall/CRC.
  31. Rabe-Hesketh, S. and Skrondal, A (2008) Multilevel and Longitudinal Modeling Using Stata, 2nd Edn Stata Press
  32. Stowell, S (2012) Instant R: An Introduction to R for Statistical Analysis Jotunheim Publishing
  33. Wright, DB and London, K (2009) Modern Regression Techniques Using R: A practical guide* Sage